Environmental engineering

environmental engineering ecology ecosystem Environmental Process Engineering: Research focuses on phenomena that govern the origin, transport, transformation and impacts of contaminants on our environment and technologies for reducing the associated risks to human health and the environment. Research includes chemical processes that affect the fate of trace metals in the environment, transport and impacts of nanomaterials, molecular biological methods to monitor and improve performance of engineered microbial systems; biodegradation of organic contaminants, development of advanced membrane processes for water treatment and reuse, energy technologies and their impacts, and the properties, measurement and effects of ambient aerosols. Hydrology and Fluid Dynamics: Research focuses on some of the most modern open problems in environmental fluid dynamics, hydrology and water resources. Ongoing research topics include: hydrometeorology (rainfall dynamics, land-atmosphere interaction, remote sensing), eco-hydrology (impact of hydroclimatic variability on ecosystems and feedbacks on the hydrologic cycle and local climate), contaminant transport hydrology (surface-subsurface interactions), water cycle dynamics and human health, and stochastic hydrology. Types of Estimates in Building Construction Liton Biswas Building , Estimation 8 comments Estimation determines the probable construction cost of a project. Estimating can be done at various stages of project duration depending on the purpose of estimation. First estimation is done before construction starts for the purpose of making budget of the project or bidding the project as a contractor. There are various types of estimation can be done depending on project manual and drawing provided and the purpose of using estimated data. Types of Estimates in Building Construction Followings are common types of estimate - * Detail Estimate * Unit Based Estimate * Model Estimate * Comparison Estimate * Parametric Estimate Detail Estimate - This type of estimate includes everything that needs to complete the project as well as overhead and contractor's profit. For this type of estimate, an estimator needs complete set of drawing and instruction manual of the project. This estimate shows required materials, labor, time to complete the project, complete cost details and overhead and also contractor profit. It also includes insurance, bond, equipment and other necessary things that need to complete the project. Estimator for this type of estimating should be experienced person because complete project budget, time duration and contractor profit depends on his visualization. Unit Based Estimate - This type of estimate is prepared by calculating building area and then multiplying area by predefined unit cost. And then adjusted the cost by considering building height, length, width and other necessary building components. Required documents for preparing this type of estimate is a simple floor plan with measurement and key elevation of the building. This type of estimation is used to check whether the project was designed within owner's budget. Model Estimate - This type of estimate is prepared based on a model project estimate which is developed before. Preparing this type of estimate needs answering several key questions depending on model project. Such as length and width of building, number of base, size of base, floor height, number of bath etc. Keep in mind that proposed project should be similar to model project. this type of estimate may prepare a details estimate of whole project or a part of project depending on the model project. Project Comparison Estimate - In this method, an estimator prepares estimate of proposed project by comparing similar completed project. After preparing the comparison estimate, estimator makes adjustment for variation of proposed project with the completed project. Parametric Estimate - In this type of estimate, an